Albert Gore, Junior
Dr. James Hansen, Ph.D.
Astrophysics, often mentions "forcing" in his talks on the role of
carbon dioxide, CO2, in the atmosphere saying CO2 is forcing molecules
in air to heat. Searches of physics and meteorology sites, books and references, fail to
find anything that explains this phenomenon in the terms of physics, i.e. a principle, equation, math, curves, graphs, data tables...
The nearest concept is the Le Chatelier Principle, but Dr. James Hansen never mentions it in anything he writes or presents in his speeches. Why should this be?
The nearest concept is the Le Chatelier Principle, but Dr. James Hansen never mentions it in anything he writes or presents in his speeches. Why should this be?
The real science of the
atmosphere, Meteorology declares there are three significant gases in the
atmosphere: Nitrogen, oxygen and water
vapor. Each has far more than one
percent, the minimum amount science says is significant in the physics of the
atmosphere. Meteorology ignores CO2 as it is only
0.00040 decimal part of the atmosphere, 0.04%.
It is utterly insignificant, but politically powerful for getting
Federal research grants as controlling CO2 is a path to tax money and "green" power. As well, you can say anything you wish as few
can refute what you say, and even less will oppose you to "get along," "be with it," and curry your favor if you are a professor, boss or elected.
The Hansen Forcing hypothesis
has not been defined or expressed in a mathematical equation, but is claimed to
apply directly to infrared energy in causing or "forcing" molecules
to respond to infrared energy where they would not if less carbon dioxide were
present. It would call for molecular
hierarchy, communication and awareness that is clearly "out-of-bounds" in physical science
and should be considered insane or charlatanism. Nonetheless, we can apply Le Chatelier to the
atmosphere as the nearest thing to Hansen Forcing in physical science. The Le Chatelier Principle states:
"When a system at
equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, volume, or
pressure the system reacts to counteract the effect of the change and a new
equilibrium is established."
The one gas in air responding
to pressure or concentration changes is water vapor as it can exist as a solid,
liquid or gas at temperatures on Earth.
The addition of any gas to the atmosphere causes water vapor to change
to liquid water with 1200:1 reduction in volume. The equation for this reaction is:
[H2Og] x [CO2g] = [Kt]
[H2Ol]
The "[ ]" brackets are for
"moles/liter" which is the molecular weight in grams for each
substance to assure each substance has the same number of atoms or
molecules. The equation omits nitrogen
and oxygen as they do not participate in this process. The results of the equation would not be
different if we included them, but they would make calculations more difficult and
errors more likely. To see what happens
by adding CO2 we solve for water vapor:
[H2Og] = [Kt] x
[H2Ol]
[CO2]
As CO2 increases H2O gas, water
vapor, declines. Where they are the only
two gases in air that capture heat from sunlight then the heating of the
atmosphere is in question. We can settle
the issue by examining absorption spectra and doing some calculating:
Again, the official infrared
absorption chart of the AMS. Methane absorbs very little IR. We consider the areas between 0.5 microns and 15 microns. The areas under the
curves are those of energy absorption.
The areas of absorption for CO2 total less than 1/4th those for H2O vapor. Furthermore the location of a significant
portion of the water vapor IR absorption is in shorter waves of IR which
contain more energy by:
E = (h x c)
w
E is for energy, h is Plank's
Constant, c = speed of light and w = wavelength. Both are constants thus their product is a constant.
Again, where "w," the
wavelength, is in the denominator of the equation, the energy of a wave
declines as the wavelength increases.
When the smaller area of CO2 absorption is
factored with the "E" equation we find that every H2O molecule
absorbs seven times more IR energy from sunlight as every CO2 molecule.
Thus, swapping CO2 molecules for
H20
per the prior equation reduces the heating effect on air by seven times, or to
1/7th as much as adding more water vapor. Thus, adding carbon dioxide chills the
atmosphere. You can prove it with two
$2.35 thermometers and two 2.5 liter bottle of soda, 1/4 teaspoon of baking
soda and a few drops of vinegar.
Buy the "stick
thermometers, -10 C to 110 C on Ebay for $2.35 each, two with postage will be
less than $10. You will also need a medicine
dropper, baking soda, white distilled vinegar and a "Philips"
screwdriver with a 1/4th inch diameter shaft, all of which are common in homes,
but found in local stores for a few Dollars.
All items included will not exceed $10.
Medicine droppers
produce 20 drops per milliliter, ml, per manufacturing standards for use by
pharmacists, physicians and patients for accurately dispensing medicine.
Thermometer
accuracy is confirmed by putting them into a tall glass filled with ice and water. They should agree precisely. Return any not agreeing
after ten minutes in a glass filled with
ice and water. They may not say 0
Celsius, per textbooks for many reasons, but should agree.
Plastic bottle
caps are drilled by a Phillips screwdriver with a 1/4 inch shaft. Heat the tip an inch over a candle flame for
30 seconds. The handle will insulate it
so you can hold it. Push the hot tip through the plastic cap in the center to
leave a hole just large enough for a thermometer. Thermometers are pushed into caps three
inches while the plastic is soft. On
cooling they freeze into place, but can be removed by careful twisting, with a
thumb and forefinger very near the cap applying gentle twisting force with
patience.
The volume of "2.5 liter" soda bottles is actually
2,725 ml. Use bottled or well water to
avoid municipal water chlorine and fluorine. Put 325 ml, into each for a net
air volume of 2400 ml over water. This
simulates Earth's air very well as 71% of the planet is covered by water, 14%
is green plants that put almost as much water vapor into air as do the
seas. Only 15% is desert.
2,400 ml is
1/10th "molar volume" of air at 20° Celsius, a common room
temperature in the United States. "Molar" is from "mole," a
contraction of "molecular" meaning the volume of a gas with a mass of
one molecular weight in grams. 28 grams
of nitrogen, N2, for example, as each nitrogen is 14
atomic weight units and there are two of them in "N2."
To determine how
much baking soda and vinegar to use for creating a test atmosphere we use
chemical relationships based on sums of relative weights of the elements in the
compounds in a reaction to produce CO2.
Hydrogen, the
lightest element, is defined as one atomic weight unit that has two atoms in
each molecule so it has a "mole" weight of two grams and gas volume
of 24,000 ml at 20 Celsius degrees. Gas
volume is the same for 32 grams of oxygen, O2. 28 grams of
nitrogen, N2, or 44 grams of CO2, carbon dioxide. Every gas
has a "mole" volume of 24,000 ml at 20°C and each has the same number
of molecules.
Air is a mixture
of three principle gases and eight "trace" gases, meaning we know
they are present, but they are of no consequence. CO2 is in that
class having only 0.04% and to be of consequence in the atmosphere it must have
more than one percent according to the American Meteorological Society, AMS, the
association of real climate scientists.
The only gas
changing quantity in air is water vapor as it can exist as a solid, liquid or
gas in the range of temperatures on Earth.
When it condenses the volume shrinks by a factor of 1200. No other atmospheric gas does that. It absorbs energy from sunlight far better
than any gas in air, seven times more than CO2 per
molecule. Nitrogen and oxygen capture little infrared energy.
In our
atmospheric simulator we add known quantities of CO2 to the present day 400 ppm with baking soda, NaHCO3, and White Distilled Vinegar, that is five percent acetic acid,
CH3COOH, using the reaction:
NaHCO3 + CH3COOH = CH3COONa + H2O + CO2g
84g 60g 82g 18g 44g
Sodium
bicarbonate, NaHCO3, plus acetic acid, CH3COOH, combine to make sodium acetate, water and carbon dioxide gas,
44 g of CO2 is 24,000 ml, at 20°C, but we want a tiny
amount. The task is getting it precisely.
Today air has
0.04% CO2 that is 9.60 ml per molar volume of air per
24,000 x 0.0004 = 9.60 ml or 0.960 ml/0.1 mole for our 1/10th molar volume
bottle.
We will add CO2 to test two hypothesis:
(1) That of Dr. Joseph Romm,
a prominent "global warming"
proponent who claims in 83 years we will have 1,000 ppm of CO2 that will turn America into a desert and: (2) The AMS stipulates
no gas is to be considered in atmospheric physics unless it has more than 1% of
the volume so we will bring our test atmosphere up to that level for CO2 to see the effect of meeting AMS standards.
Baking soda,
sodium bicarbonate weighs nine grams per teaspoon. Adding
a quarter teaspoon measure will be 2.25 grams in solution, which is 0.0267 moles and much more than we
need, but we'll control the amount of CO2 by limiting the
acetic acid from the White Distilled Vinegar.
White Distilled
Vinegar is 5% acetic acid containing 50 grams per liter or (50g/60 g/mole) =
0.833 mole/liter or 0.000833 moles/ml or 0.000833 mole/ml/20 drop/ml =
0.0000417 mole/drop which makes 0.0000417 moles of CO2 for each drop of vinegar added to the solution of NaHCO3.
Per the equation,
0.0000417 moles of 5% white distilled vinegar makes 0.0000417 moles of CO2 gas which is 1.0008 ml or 417 ppm, parts per million! Thus one drop of acetic acid would take us to
817 ppm, very close to the figure of Dr. Romm's concern and two drops would put
us over the top to a year well beyond 2100 as we would have 1234 ppm. We are not sure of the year as Dr. Romm does
not publish his math, if he has any...
According to Dr.
Romm this much CO2 in the atmosphere will turn America
Next we add
acetic acid to bring the CO2 over the level of 1% per the AMS
requirement, which would be 24 ml of CO2. Where we have 0.96 ml in our test bottle naturally
at 400 ppm, we need 24 - 0.96 = 23.0 ml.
Each drop of
vinegar contains 0.0000417 mole of acetic acid and produces 1.08 ml of CO2 so we need 23 ml/ 1.08 ml/drop = 21.2 drops so we will use 22 drops to be sure we are over the 1% threshold required by the AMS the leading
body of climate scientists.
When we add 14
drops of White Distilled Vinegar to the test bottle we see the temperature declines and the reason is
the Le Chatelier Principle per:
[H2Og] = [Kt] x
[H2Ol]
[CO2]
As CO2 increases water vapor declines and water vapor is a better
absorber of infrared, IR, energy from sunlight by a factor of seven, per
molecule, so the temperature declines.
If the day is overcast or there are many clouds that pass by the sun
absorb much of the IR and diminish the effect.
The best day for this is one with clear, dry air. This is basic atmospheric science and it
exposes the fact "global warming," "man caused climate
change" promoters have political agenda for more taxes, bureaus and
regulations, but the simple fact is increased CO2 does
not heat the atmosphere. It chills it. Turn blue, Albert Gore, Jr.
Adrian Vance
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